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从巴赞的“审美结晶”到德勒兹的“晶体影像” (下)

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侯杰耀:从巴赞的审美结晶到德勒兹的晶体影像” ——论电影哲学创造概念的方法论(下)


结语:电影哲学的建构主义方法论


在回应朗西埃之后,我们有必要补齐本文的最后论证:回应斯拉沃热·齐泽克(Slavoj Z?iz?ek)对晶体影像概念的误读。尽管德勒兹的概念实践最终导向了先验生成论,但由电影出发开展哲学思辨的方法论次序肯定了经验实在论是电影哲学的支点,齐泽克则忽略了这一方法论次序,认为先验论与经验论决然对立。[75] 齐泽克认为电影生成拟像的先验生成论与经验论完全无关,这意味着他认为电影可以在排除经验实在的情况下生成拟像,而德勒兹则认为经验论的痕迹始终存留在晶体影像的断层中,即“ 运动影像 始终是影像的第一维度 [76],影像断层来自主体之“ 眼 的经验分切,电影不可能彻底回到“ 影像 运动 的先验世界,晶体影像仅暂时遮蔽了主体的经验之“ 眼 。德勒兹尊重电影的经验主义常识:人制作了电影,人的经验视野决定了他的制作活动无法 彻底排除再现逻辑,即电影的制作总要参考经验原型。晶体影像无法排除人的制作,它仅呼唤了一种新的影像制作方式,德勒兹在分析让 吕克·戈达尔(Jean-Luc Godard)的电影创作时指出建构主义是制作电影无法避免 的经验方法 [77],晶体影像所显现的就是人参与建构的社会实在:“ 视觉影像展现了一个社会的结构、环境、地位和功能。”[78] 从电影现象到电影哲学的概念实践,表现命题也是被制作出来 [79],德勒兹的概念实践即是一种建构主义的方法论:“哲学是一种建构主义,建构主义有两个本质上不同的互补方面,创造概念和划定内在性平 面。”[80] 在德勒兹看来,电影哲学的建构主义工作不是为了再现经验世界,而是为了在内在性平面中生成可能世界”:每一次概念建构就像投掷一次骰子,概念建构表现了一个奇点事件”[81] 


一言概之,生成“ 可能世界 的建构主义是德勒兹确立的电影哲学方法论,建构主义的支点是经验实在论,生成“ 可能世界 的逻辑是先验生成论。此方法论当然可被视为德勒兹主义的哲学立场,但笔者认为,此方法在数字时代具有普遍应用价值。首先,运动影像主导了现代视觉文化,数字影像诸多显现形态?数字电影、流媒体视频等都是电影式的 [82],因此“ 电影引发的概念 辩护了电影哲学在数字时代的意义:理解电影引发的概 念就是为了理解今天的影像现象。更进一步,“ 电影中的电影 方法回应了数字影像的底层逻辑。数字影像不再基于摄影术的再现逻辑,由数字模型生成的数字影像彻底成为无原型的拟像 [83],因此,生成“ 可能世界 的建构主义实质地匹配了数字影像的生成。今天的数字影像已经呼唤我们创造新概念去表现数字影像的无根生成,这激发了此方法论的应用前景。生成“ 可能世界 的建构主义依照创造概念的方法论限度,从先验生成论的角度提醒电影哲学的概念实践应该成为我思世界与经验世界的沟通桥梁,而不应让层出不穷的新概念成为阻碍人们理解所处世界之生成的理论壁垒。生成“ 可能世界 的建构主义方法要求电影哲学所创造的概念必须言说世界生成的鲜活事件,只有言说事件生成,电影哲学的概念实践才能在数字时代真正成为人类理解当下影像处境例如数字电影、流媒体影像景观 )和未来影像命运例如虚拟现实、元宇宙 )的不二法门。


:本文系教育部人文社会科学研究青年项目 “ 社会选择视域下新世纪中国主流电影的美学建构研究 ”( 批准号:22YJC760025)的阶段性成果。


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[4]姜宇辉 脑电影,还是心游戏 ??探寻哲学与电影的“ 强 ” 连接可能 [J]. 电影艺术,2022(1):6.


[5]姜宇辉 脑电影,还是心游戏 ??探寻哲学与电影的“ 强 ” 连接可能 [J]. 电影艺术,2022(1):19.


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[7]德勒兹所理解的概念之意涵可参考刘阳 .“制造概念”:李 泽厚对德勒兹的一个误读及其正面效应 [ J ] . 文艺争鸣,2021(12):67.


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[10]Gilles Deleuze, Cinema 2: The Time-Image[M]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001:280.


[11]Jacques Ranciere, Film Fables[M]. New York: Berg Publishers, 2006:109,112


[12]Gilles Deleuze, Cinema 2: The Time-Image[M]. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press, 2001:280.


[13]德勒兹指出作为艺术的电影创造情动(affect)而不创造概念。 Cf. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, What is Philosophy?[M]. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994:175.


[14]()德勒兹著 龚重林译 斯宾诺莎与表现问题 [M]. 北京商务印书馆,2019 :307.


[15]德勒兹区分了两种共同观念:普遍程度最低的共同观念是物 体间的相似性观念,即审美结晶概念;普遍程度最高的共同 观念是所有物体存在的内在理由,即晶体影像概念。参考()德勒兹著 龚重林译 斯宾诺莎与表现问题 [M]. 北京商务印书馆,2019 :299-300.


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[17]( 斯 )齐泽克著 吴静译 无身体的器官:论德勒兹及其推论 [M]. 南京:南京大学出版社,2019 :57.


[18]董树宝 德勒兹的晶体影像:时间与影像的双重变奏 [ J ] . 文艺研究,2023(8):102.


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[20]Andre? Bazin, What Is Cinema? [M]. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971, 2:47, 101.


[21]笔者将“reality”“real”译作“ 实在 ”“ 实在性 ,不译作“ 真 实真实的译法容易误导人们以真与假的区分理解 “ r e a l i t y ”, 本 文 所 论 的“ r e a l i t y ”无 关 真 假 , 仅 指 实 存 , 实 存的对立面是不存在或虚无。


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[26]Andre? Bazin, What Is Cinema? [M]. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967, 1:71.


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[43]德勒兹阐述了时间的三种综合方式:习惯、记忆、期待。参 考李科林 德勒兹的哲学剧场 [M]. 北京:商务印书馆,2022 : 127-133.


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[51]现实(actuality)与实在(reality)的区分是:现实仅指我们在经 验论中所理解的实在,除了现实,先验论中的潜能影像也是 实在的。


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[56]蓝江 意义事件与析取性综合?德勒兹《 意义的逻辑 》的 事件哲学 [M]. 南京社会科学,2019(12):43.


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