，对人和环境的放射性影响可忽略不计
读书使人进步1 2023-08-24 22:53
国际原子能机构认为日本在福岛将处理水排海的计划符合国际安全标准
2023.07.04  奥地利维也纳
国际原子能机构（IAEA）的安全审查得出结论，日本将储存在福岛第一核电站的处理水排海的计划符合原子能机构安全标准。
在总干事拉拉斐尔·马里亚诺·格罗西今天在东京向日本首相岸田文雄正式提交的一份报告中，原子能机构还表示，处理水的排放对人和环境的放射性影响可以忽略不计。
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Martin Klingenboeck/IAEA
该报告是由原子能机构内部顶级专家组成的原子能机构特别工作组近两年工作的成果，来自11个国家的国际公认核安全专家为此提供了咨询。专家们对照构成保护人和环境的全球参考和促进在世界范围内统一高水平安全的原子能机构安全标准审查了日本的计划。
原子能机构总干事拉斐尔·马里亚诺·格罗西在报告的前言中说：“原子能机构在其全面评估的基础上得出的结论是，日本采取的排放先进液体处理系统处理水的方案和活动符合相关的国际安全标准。”
他还补充说：“此外，原子能机构注意到，按照东京电力公司目前的计划和评估，将处理水有控制地逐步排海对人和环境产生的放射性影响可以忽略不计。
在2021年4月作出将福岛第一核电站储存的水排海的决定后，日本便请求原子能机构对计划的安全相关方面进行详细审查。
原子能机构总干事格罗西接受了日本的请求，并承诺在排水之前、之中和之后都会参与其中。
储存在福岛第一核电站的水已通过先进液体处理系统进行处理，以去除除氚以外的几乎所有放射性。在排放之前，日本将对排放水进行稀释，使氚的含量低于监管标准。
与世界其他地方一样，与核安全有关的决定是国家的责任，日本原子力规制委员会在5月批准了该计划。
原子能机构的审查涉及排水计划的所有关键安全要素，其中包括三个主要部分：防护和安全评估；监管活动和过程；以及独立取样、数据确证和分析。
在过去的两年里，特别工作组对日本进行了五次审查工作组访问，发表了六份技术报告，并多次与日本政府和福岛第一核电站营运者日本东京电力公司举行会议，并分析了数百页的技术和监管文件。特别工作组成员还数次访问了日本东部的现场，审查那里的排放准备工作。 
格罗西总干事说，今天发布的报告“是原子能机构审查工作的一个重要里程碑”，但“我们的任务才刚刚开始”。
他说：“原子能机构将继续向国际社会提供透明度，使所有利益相关者有可能在整个过程中依靠经核实的事实和科学来了解这一问题”。
原子能机构的安全审查将在排放阶段继续进行。原子能机构还将在现场持续存在，并在其网站上提供排放设施的实时在线监测。 
格罗西总干事说：“这将确保相关的国际安全标准在日本政府和东京电力公司制定的为期几十年的过程中继续得到适用”。
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IAEA Finds Japan’s Plans to Release Treated Water into the Sea at Fukushima Consistent with International Safety Standards
An International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safety review has concluded that Japan’s plans to release treated water stored at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station into the sea are consistent with IAEA Safety Standards.
In a report formally presented by Director General Rafael Mariano Grossi to Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida in Tokyo today, the IAEA also said that the discharges of the treated water would have a negligible radiological impact to people and the environment.
The report is the outcome of nearly two years of work by an IAEA Task Force made up of top specialists from within the Agency advised by internationally recognised nuclear safety experts from eleven countries. They reviewed Japan’s plans against IAEA Safety Standards which serve as a global reference for protecting people and the environment and contribute to a harmonized high level of safety worldwide.
“Based on its comprehensive assessment, the IAEA has concluded that the approach and activities to the discharge of ALPS treated water taken by Japan are consistent with relevant international safety standards,” IAEA Director General Rafael Mariano Grossi said in a foreword of the report.
“Furthermore, the IAEA notes the controlled, gradual discharges of the treated water to the sea, as currently planned and assessed by TEPCO, would have a negligible radiological impact on people and the environment,” he added.
After taking the decision in April 2021 to discharge the water stored at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station (FDNPS) into the sea, Japan requested the IAEA to conduct a detailed review of the safety related aspects of plan.
IAEA Director General Grossi accepted Japan’s request and committed to be involved before, during, and after the water discharges.
The water stored at the FDNPS has been treated through an Advanced Liquid Processing System (ALPS) to remove almost all radioactivity, aside from tritium. Before discharging, Japan will dilute the water to bring the tritium to below regulatory standards.
Like elsewhere in the world, decisions related to nuclear safety are a national responsibility and Japan’s Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) approved the plan in May.
The IAEA’s review addressed all key safety elements of the water discharge plan in three major components: assessment of protection and safety; regulatory activities and processes; and independent sampling, data corroboration, and analysis.
Over the past two years, the Task Force has conducted five review missions to Japan, published six technical reports, and met many times with the Japanese Government and Japan’s Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), the FDNPS operator, and analysed hundreds of pages of technical and regulatory documentation. Task Force members have also several times visited the site in eastern Japan to review discharge preparations there.  
Director General Grossi said the report issued today “represent a significant milestone in the IAEA’s review” but that “our task is only just beginning”.
“The IAEA will continue to provide transparency to the international community making it possible for all stakeholders to rely on verified fact and science to inform their understanding of this matter throughout the process,” he said.
The IAEA‘s safety review will continue during the discharge phase. The Agency will also have a continuous on-site presence and provide live online monitoring on its website from the discharge facility.  
“This will ensure the relevant international safety standards continue to be applied throughout the decades-long process laid out by the Government of Japan and TEPCO,” Director General Grossi said.
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