Investiture争议或者Investiture竞赛是中世纪欧洲教会和国家之间因为通过授权任命地方教会官员的能力之间的冲突。结果主要是教皇的胜利，但皇帝仍然保留了相当大的权力。
The Investiture controversy or Investiture contest was a conflict between church and state in medieval Europe over the ability to appoint local church officials through investiture.The outcome was largely a papal victory, but the Emperor still retained considerable power.

 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition

中世纪宗教裁判所是从1184年左右开始的一系列宗教裁判所（负责镇压异端邪说的天主教会机构），其中包括主教宗教裁判所（1184-1230s）和后来的教皇宗教裁判所（1230年代）。中世纪宗教裁判所的建立是为了回应被认为是叛教或异端的基督教运动，特别是法国南部和意大利北部的Catharism和Waldensians。

The Medieval Inquisition was a series of Inquisitions (Catholic Church bodies charged with suppressing heresy) from around 1184, including the Episcopal Inquisition (1184–1230s) and later the Papal Inquisition (1230s). The Medieval Inquisition was established in response to movements considered apostate or heretical to Christianity, in particular Catharism and Waldensians in Southern France and Northern Italy.

 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia

任务只取得了部分成功，两年后安斯加回到德国后，哈拉尔德被赶出了他的王国。

The mission was only partially successful, and Ansgar returned two years later to Germany, after Harald had been driven out of his kingdom.

 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs

斯拉夫人的传福音或基督化是由拜占庭最知名的教徒之一 - 君士坦丁堡的族长Photios I（Photius）发起的。东斯拉夫人和南斯拉夫人的传教士取得了巨大的成功，部分原因是他们使用了人民的母语而不是罗马牧师拉丁语，或希腊语。

The evangelisation, or Christianisation, of the Slavs was initiated by one of Byzantium's most learned churchmen—the Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople (Photius)The missionaries to the East and South Slavs had great success in part because they used the people's native language rather than Latin as the Roman priests did, or Greek.