https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages#High_Middle_Ages_(800–1300)

 

随着罗马帝国的政治边界在西方逐渐消失然后崩溃，基督教已经超越了帝国的旧边界，进入了从未在罗马统治之下的土地。
As the political boundaries of the Roman Empire diminished and then collapsed in the West, Christianity spread beyond the old borders of the Empire and into lands that had never been under Rome.

 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Gaul#Christianity_in_Merovingian_Gaul

当地居民受到迫害，直到法兰克国王，克洛维斯一世于496年从异教徒转为罗马天主教。克洛维斯坚持要求他的贵族跟随，通过将统治者的信仰与统治者的信仰结合起来，加强他新建立的王国。

The native inhabitants were persecuted until the Frankish King, Clovis I converted from paganism to Roman Catholicism in 496. Clovis insisted that his fellow nobles follow suit, strengthening his newly established kingdom by uniting the faith of the rulers with that of the ruled.

 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance

 

欧洲文艺复兴开始于托斯卡纳（意大利中部），并以佛罗伦萨市为中心。意大利文艺复兴时期以其在绘画，建筑，雕塑，文学，音乐，哲学，科学和探索方面的成就而闻名。

The European Renaissance began in Tuscany (Central Italy), and was centred in the city of Florence.The Italian Renaissance is best known for its achievements in painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, music, philosophy, science and exploration.

 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_literature#Renaissance_humanism

教会赦免了米开朗基罗，布鲁内莱斯基，布拉曼特，拉斐尔，弗拉安吉利科，多纳泰罗和列奥纳多达芬奇等艺术家。富裕的意大利家庭经常为自己的成员获得主教办公室，包括罗马教皇。

the Church pardoned such artists as Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Bramante, Raphael, Fra Angelico, Donatello, and Leonardo da Vinci. wealthy Italian families often secured episcopal offices, including the papacy, for their own members.

 

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire

在16和17世纪，在苏莱曼大帝统治时期的最高权力，奥斯曼帝国是一个多国，多语言的帝国，控制着东南欧的大部分地区，中欧的部分地区，西亚的部分地区，东部的部分地区。欧洲和高加索，北非和非洲之角。

During the 16th and 17th centuries, at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling most of Southeast Europe, parts of Central Europe, Western Asia, parts of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus, North Africa and the Horn of Africa.