欧盟宣布对中国电动汽车征收额外关税，最高达38%European Union Hits E.V.s From China With Extra Tariffs Up to 38%
MELISSA EDDYNYTIME-2024年6月13日
比亚迪电动汽车，摄于法兰克福。去年，欧盟从中国进口的电动汽车价值增至115亿美元。 FELIX SCHMITT FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
The European Union said on Wednesday that it would impose additional tariffs of up to 38 percent on electric vehicles imported from China into the bloc, in what E.U. leaders called an effort to protect the region’s manufacturers from unfair competition.
欧盟周三表示，将对从中国出口到欧盟国家的电动汽车征收最高38%的额外关税，欧盟领导人称这是为了保护该地区的制造商免受不公平竞争的影响。
The move, which comes a month after President Biden quadrupled U.S. tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles to 100 percent, opens another front in escalating trade tensions with China amid growing fears about a glut of Chinese green tech goods flooding global markets.
一个月前，拜登总统将美国对中国电动汽车的关税提高了四倍，达到100%。随着人们越来越担心中国的绿色科技产品大量涌入全球市场，欧盟此举为不断升级的对华贸易紧张局势开辟了另一条战线。
The actions by the European Union and the United States also reflect the challenges that traditional automakers in Europe and the United States face from up-and-coming Chinese companies founded with a focus on electric vehicles and much lower cost bases than their rivals in the West.
欧盟和美国的行动也反映了欧美传统汽车制造商所面临的挑战，这些挑战来自新兴的中国公司，后者专注于电动汽车，其成本基础比西方竞争对手低得多。
But unlike U.S. carmakers, several of their European counterparts are deeply entwined in the Chinese market and their cars produced there will also be subject to the higher tariffs. They have criticized the European Union’s move to increase duties from 10 percent, fearing retaliation from China, as well as an increase in prices across the market and a drop in demand for battery-powered cars.
但与美国汽车制造商不同的是，欧洲的几家汽车制造商与中国市场有着紧密联系，它们在中国生产的汽车也将被征收更高的关税。他们批评欧盟将关税从10%上调的举措，担心会引发中国的报复，以及整个市场的价格上涨和对电池动力汽车的需求下降。
The increases announced on Wednesday, which come on top of the existing 10 percent duties, are preliminary and will take effect on July 4. They range from 17.4 percent to 38.1 percent for three of the leading Chinese manufacturers, including BYD, Geely and SAIC. The tariffs were calculated based on the level of cooperation with European officials, who have spent the past few months investigating the level of support from the Chinese government for these companies.
周三宣布的加征关税是在现有10%关税基础上的初步加征，将于7月4日生效。对比亚迪、吉利和上汽等三家领先的中国制造商加征的关税从17.4%到38.1%不等。关税是根据与欧洲官员的配合程度计算的，过去几个月，欧洲官员一直在调查中国政府对这些公司的支持程度。
Other automakers producing electric vehicles in China, including European companies with factories or joint ventures there, face a tariff of 21 percent or 38.1 percent, the E.U. said. Those rates also depend on their cooperation with the investigation.
欧盟表示，其他在中国生产电动汽车的车企，包括在中国拥有工厂或合资企业的欧洲公司，将面临21%或38.1%的关税。这些税率还取决于它们对调查的配合程度。

1月在中国东部某港口等待装船的出口电动汽车。 AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES
The European Union defended the action, saying in a statement that an investigation started Oct. 4 had found that the electric-vehicle supply chain in China “benefits heavily from unfair subsidies in China, and that the influx of subsidized Chinese imports at artificially low prices therefore presents a threat of clearly foreseeable and imminent injury to E.U. industry.”
欧盟在一份声明中为这一行动辩护称，10月4日开始的一项调查发现，中国的电动汽车供应链“大大受益于中国的不公平补贴，因此，受到补贴的进口中国产品以人为压低的价格涌入，对欧盟产业构成了明显可预见和迫在眉睫的损害威胁”。
China decried the tariffs as lacking “factual and legal basis” that amounted to “weaponizing economic and trade issues,” said He Yadong, a spokesman for the commerce ministry.
中国商务部发言人何亚东表示，中国谴责这些关税缺乏“事实和法律依据”，等同于“将经贸问题武器化”。
“This is not in line with the consensus reached by Chinese and European leaders on strengthening cooperation, and will affect the atmosphere of bilateral economic and trade cooperation between China and Europe,” Mr. He said.
“这不符合中欧领导人就加强合作达成的共识，也会影响中欧双边经贸合作的氛围，”他说。
The European Commission, the European Union’s executive branch, opened the investigation to determine whether the Chinese government was effectively subsidizing its production of electric cars and sending them to Europe at prices that undercut European competitors.
上述调查由欧盟执行机构——欧盟委员会进行，以确定中国政府是否对该国的电动汽车生产进行了有效补贴，并以低于欧洲竞争对手的价格将这些汽车出口到欧洲。
The automotive sector provides nearly 13 million jobs across the 27-nation bloc, the world’s second-largest market for electric vehicles after China. Imports of electric cars from China last year reached $11.5 billion, up from $1.6 billion in 2020.
欧盟是仅次于中国的全球第二大电动汽车市场，汽车行业为这个27国集团提供了近1300万个工作岗位。去年，从中国进口的电动汽车价值达到115亿美元，2020年仅为16亿美元。
About 37 percent of all electric vehicles imported to Europe come from China, including cars made by Tesla, BMW and Dacia, owned by Renault. Chinese brands account for 19 percent of the European market for E.Vs. Their numbers have been growing steadily, according to a study by Rhodium Group.
在欧洲进口的所有电动汽车中，约有37%来自中国，其中包括特斯拉、宝马和雷诺旗下的达契亚汽车。中国品牌占欧洲电动汽车市场的19%。根据荣鼎咨询集团的一项研究，其数量一直在稳步增长。
Europe is open to engaging with Chinese officials to resolve the dispute, said senior E.U. communications officials, who insisted that the bloc was not looking to introduce higher tariffs for the sake of it, but was moving to defend its nations’ domestic industry.
欧盟高级通讯官员表示，欧洲愿意与中国官员接触，以解决这一争端。他们坚称，欧盟不是为了提高关税而提高关税，而是为了保护本国的国内产业。
Tesla, which produces its Model 3 and Model Y in Shanghai for the European market, petitioned for duties on its cars to be calculated individually, the E.U. officials said. Other companies seeking an individual review have nine months to submit their petition, although none had done so by the time of the announcement on Wednesday.
特斯拉在上海为欧洲市场生产Model 3和Model Y，欧盟官员表示，特斯拉申请对其汽车单独计算关税。其他寻求单独审查的公司有九个月的时间提交申请，但截至本周三发布公告时，还没有一家公司提交申请。

中国的电动汽车装配线。欧洲进口的电动汽车中约有37%来自中国。 GILLES SABRIÉ FOR THE NEW YORK TIMES
Ursula von der Leyen, president of the European Commission, said last month that Europe was taking a “tailored approach” to calculating its increase in tariffs from the existing 10 percent, which would “correspond to the level of damage” caused. Tariffs for the other exporting companies will be based on the weighted average of the duty imposed on the three that were investigated.
欧盟委员会主席乌苏拉·冯德莱恩上个月表示，欧洲正在采取一种“量身定制的方法”来计算在现有10%基础上增加的关税，这将与所造成的“损害程度相对应”。对其他出口公司征收的关税将基于对三家被调查公司征收关税的加权平均值。
Before the announcement, China had warned that it could retaliate by raising tariffs on gas-powered cars imported from Europe, agricultural and aviation goods. China already applies a 15 percent duty on all electric vehicles imported from Europe.
在欧盟周三的声明发布之前，中国曾警告，可能会对从欧洲进口的燃油车、农产品和航空产品提高关税，以此进行报复。中国已经对从欧洲进口的所有电动汽车征收15%的关税。
Those include cars made by BMW and Volkswagen, for example, which not only sell to China but also have large production facilities there.
这其中包括宝马和大众等公司生产的汽车，这些公司不仅向中国销售汽车，还在中国拥有大型生产设施。
The German carmakers fear that the tariffs will drive up prices in Europe and set off retaliation from the Chinese, ultimately hurting them in both markets. Chancellor Olaf Scholz of Germany criticized the increased duties last week during a visit to a plant in Rüsselsheim, which is owned by Stellantis’s Opel.
德国汽车制造商担心，关税将推高欧洲的价格，并引发中国的报复，最终损害它们在两个市场的利益。德国总理肖尔茨上周在参观位于吕塞尔斯海姆的一家工厂时批评了增加关税的做法，该工厂由斯泰兰特的欧宝汽车公司所有。
“Isolation and illegal customs barriers — that ultimately just makes everything more expensive, and everyone poorer,” Mr. Scholz said. “We do not close our markets to foreign companies, because we do not want that for our companies either.”
“孤立和非法的关税壁垒最终只会让一切变得更加昂贵，让每个人更加贫穷，”肖尔茨说。“我们不会对外国公司关闭我们的市场，因为我们不希望我们的公司也受到如此待遇。”
Economic experts had warned that increasing tariffs to as high as 20 percent could disrupt trade routes. The Kiel Institute for the World Economy calculated that such an increase would prevent $3.8 billion worth of electric vehicles from China from entering Europe.
经济专家曾警告，将关税提高至20%可能会扰乱贸易路线。根据基尔世界经济研究所的计算，这种程度的增税将导致价值38亿美元的中国电动汽车无法进入欧洲。
But other experts point out that Chinese manufacturers’ cost advantage over Europe’s legacy automakers in the production of components like electronics modules and battery cells means that Europe would need to impose duties of at least 50 percent to be effective.
但其他专家指出，与欧洲传统汽车制造商相比，中国制造商在生产电子模块和电池等零部件方面具有成本优势，这意味着欧洲需要征收至少50%的关税才能产生效果。
Even if European automakers were able to plug that gap, a drop in the number of Chinese models will drive up the overall price of electric vehicles, given the higher labor and production costs, the institute said.
基尔世界经济研究所表示，即使欧洲汽车制造商能够填补这一缺口，但由于它们的劳动力和生产成本较高，中国车型数量的减少也会推高电动汽车的整体价格。

德国总理肖尔茨参观了斯特兰蒂斯旗下欧宝公司位于吕塞尔斯海姆的一家电动汽车工厂。 KIRILL KUDRYAVTSEV/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES
“It is by no means a foregone conclusion that European car manufacturers will fill the gap,” said Julian Hinz, a trade researcher at the institute. Another threat to European producers, he said, is the reality that Chinese manufacturers already have plans to expand production into Europe.
该研究所的贸易研究员朱利安·欣茨表示：“欧洲汽车制造商填补这个空缺绝非板上钉钉的事。”他说，欧洲生产商面临的另一个威胁是，中国制造商已经计划在欧洲扩大生产。
BYD, the leading Chinese automaker, has set its sights on becoming a top maker of electric vehicles in Europe by 2030. Late last year, it named Hungary as the site where it plans to build its first assembly plant in the European Union. The company said it was considering setting up a second factory elsewhere in Europe.
中国领先的汽车制造商比亚迪已将目标锁定为到2030年成为欧洲一流的电动汽车制造商。去年年底，比亚迪宣布计划在匈牙利建立在欧盟的第一家组装厂。该公司表示，正在考虑在欧洲其他地方建立第二家工厂。
Chery, another Chinese manufacturer, announced last month that it would open a plant near Barcelona, as part of a joint venture with Spain’s EV Motors.
另一家中国制造商奇瑞上个月宣布，作为与西班牙电动汽车公司EV Motors合资的一部分，将在巴塞罗那附近开设一家工厂。
Other European countries are also eager for Chinese automakers to relocate to their home turf, with the idea they would create jobs and strengthen domestic supply chains.
其他欧洲国家也迫切希望中国汽车制造商的到来，认为这将创造就业机会并加强国内供应链。
President Emmanuel Macron of France has made a concerted effort to attract more battery production, including from Chinese companies, to a northern region where factory jobs have been in decline. Bruno Le Maire, France’s finance minister, has gone even further, declaring that the Chinese auto industry is “very welcome in France.”
法国总统马克龙为吸引包括中国企业在内的更多电池生产企业到工厂就业机会一直在减少的法国北部地区，做出了积极努力。法国财政部长布鲁诺·勒梅尔甚至更进一步，表示“法国非常欢迎”中国汽车工业。
With a view to the possibility of the Chinese firms expanding in their backyard, many European automakers point out that they are more concerned about increasing their competitiveness than they are about the tariffs.
考虑到中国企业在其后院扩张的可能性，许多欧洲汽车制造商指出，它们更关心的是提高竞争力，而不是关税。
Volkswagen, which has several production and research sites in China, said that it was worried about the tariffs, which the company sees as harmful, especially coming at a time when demand for electric cars in Europe was dipping.
在中国拥有多个生产和研究基地的大众汽车公司表示，该公司对关税感到担忧，认为它具有破坏性影响，尤其是在欧洲电动汽车需求下降的时候。
“The increase in import tariffs in the E.U. could trigger a fatal dynamic of measures and countermeasures and result in an escalation of trade conflicts,” the company said Wednesday in a statement. “We assume that the negative effects of the decision will outweigh any positive aspects.”
“欧盟提高进口关税可能会引发一系列极具伤害性的措施和反措施，导致贸易冲突升级，”大众公司周三在一份声明中写道。“我们认为，这一决定的负面影响将超过任何积极影响。”
The tariffs are expected to enter into force early next month. Affected companies and the Chinese government will then have several days to weigh in. The commission would then have until November before the final tariffs would come into force, for a period of five years.
预计关税将于下月初生效。受影响的公司以及中国政府将有数天时间发表观点。委员会将在11月之前实施最终关税，为期五年。
Melissa Eddy常驻柏林，报道德国政治、商业和经济新闻。点击查看更多关于她的信息。

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